Early Signs of Cervical Cancer to Look Out For

By Sapna Tyagi | Updated: 18/08/2025

Cervical cancer is a type of cancer which can be prevented, yet it remains a major concern for women all over the world. It often doesn’t show obvious symptoms until it has advanced, making it all the more important to know what to look for early on. This article is designed to inform women, about early signs of cervical cancer, risk factors, and preventive measures like HPV vaccination.

What Is Cervical Cancer?

Cervical cancer begins in the cells lining the cervix, the neck of the uterus that connects to the vagina. It usually develops gradually over several years and can be treated if detected early. The human papillomavirus (HPV), a common sexually transmitted infection, is the cause of nearly all cases of cervical cancer (1) (2).

Causes of Cervical Cancer

Human papillomavirus (HPV) is the main cause of cervical cancer. However, not all infections result in cancer. In most cases, the immune system eliminates the infection on its own. However, if the virus persists, it can cause changes in cervical cells, leading to cancer over time (3) (4).

Who Is at Risk?

Every woman with a cervix is at risk of developing cervical cancer, but certain factors can increase this risk. These include (5):

HPV Infection: Women with Human Papillomavirus (HPV) infection are at high risk, as persistent infection with certain HPV types is a leading cause of the disease.
Women Aged 30 Years to 55 Years: Cervical cancer in some cases may start in the 30’s and the incidence can peak in the 50s (6).
Weakened Immune System: Women with conditions such as HIV/AIDS, those on immunosuppressive medications, or those with autoimmune diseases (4) (7).

Disclaimer: For most people, HPV clears on its own. But for those who don’t clear the virus, it can cause certain cancers and diseases.

Common Early Symptoms of Cervical Cancer

Cervical cancer often develops gradually, and its early signs and symptoms can be subtle or easily mistaken for other health issues. It often doesn’t show symptoms till its too late. Here are a few signs of cervical cancer:

1. Abnormal Vaginal Bleeding

One of the most common signs of cervical cancer is abnormal vaginal bleeding. This may include bleeding after sex, between periods, or bleeding that occurs after menopause. If you notice unexpected bleeding, seek medical advise (8).

2. Unusual Vaginal Discharge

Women may notice an increase in discharge that is different in colour, consistency, or odour from what is typical. The discharge may become thicker, watery, or foul-smelling. It may also appear blood tinged (9).

3. Pain During Intercourse

Pain during intercourse, known as dyspareunia, can be a symptom of cervical cancer. This pain may be sharp, deep, or uncomfortable, often causing anxiety or reluctance to engage in sexual activity. While dyspareunia can result from various emotional or physical factors, it is essential to seek medical advice if it is new or significantly worsens (10).

4. Frequent Urination

Increased urinary frequency, urgency, or discomfort while urinating can also be early signs of cervical cancer (11) (12) (13).

How Can You Prevent Cervical Cancer?

Risk of cervical cancer can be prevented with the help of vaccination, routine screenings, and leading a healthy lifestyle. Here are some effective preventive measures:

1. HPV Vaccination

HPV vaccination can help reduce the risk of cervical cancer by protecting against the types of HPV that most commonly cause the disease (14). There are two types of HPV vaccines available in India:

Quadrivalent HPV Vaccine protects against HPV types 6, 11, 16, and 18 (15) (16).
The Nonavalent HPV Vaccine protects against HPV 6, 11, 16, 18, 31, 33, 45, 52, and 58. (17).

Organisations like the World Health Organization (WHO), the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (ACOG), and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) recommend HPV vaccination for eligible women up to 45 years of age (18) (19).

2. Regular Pap Smears and HPV Testing

Routine Pap smears (or Pap tests) can detect abnormal cells on the cervix before they become cancerous. Consult your doctor for more information (20).

In addition to vaccination, regular Pap smears, and HPV testing, other steps to help reduce your risk of HPV and its related cancers like cervical cancer include:

Practising Safe Sex: It can reduce the risk of HPV and STIs that can lead to cervical cancer. This includes using condoms and having mutually monogamous relationships.
Quitting Smoking: It can reduce your chances of developing various cancers, including cervical cancer.
Having a Healthy Diet: Consuming whole grains, fruits, vegetables, and lean meats can boost immunity.

With HPV vaccination, routine screenings, and awareness of the warning signs and symptoms, cervical cancer can be preventable. Please consult with your doctor to know more.

Disclaimer: This message is for awareness only. Please consult your paediatrician for more details on HPV prevention. Issued in the public interest by MSD Pharmaceuticals.

HPV vaccine is not intended to be used for treatment and may not result in protection in all vaccine recipients. Vaccination does not eliminate the necessity for women to continue HPV relevant cancer screening recommended by HCP.

IN-GSL-01115 | 03/06/2025 – 29/11/2026

Also Read:

HPV and Cervical Cancer
Cervical Cancer and Fertility
Cervical Cancer during Pregnancy

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